Browsing by Author "Drahm, Wolfgang"

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    Advancing two-phase wet gas flow measurement with Coriolis meters: optimal sensor orientation and a new model development
    (Elsevier, 2025-03-01) Salehi, Seyed Milad; Lao, Liyun; Simms, Nigel; Drahm, Wolfgang; Lin, Yaoying; Rieder, Alfred; Güttler, Andreas
    In this study, a novel wet gas model was developed based on the internal parameter of a Coriolis prototype to measure two-phase wet gas flow. Additionally, an optimal orientation of the Coriolis sensor was proposed to address challenges in the horizontal wet gas flow. Two Coriolis prototypes– one with a long-bent flow tubes (Type A), and another with short-bent flow tubes (Type B) – were employed to conduct tests in both vertical upward and horizontal pipelines. Different sensor axial angles (0, 40, 90, and 180°) were selected for testing in the horizontal section. Among different orientations (angles), it was found that the 40-degree angle outperforms the other installations in terms of the response proximity and over-reading of gas flow (OR). To understanding the impact of flow pattern on the response, a detailed analysis of different flow patterns in the wet gas was considered. A new correlation was developed between the damping factor of the Coriolis and both XLM and the total mass flow rate, leading to the proposal of a new wet gas model to predict gas and liquid flow rates with acceptable accuracy. In scenarios involving higher Froude numbers and annular flow patterns, which are more likely to occur, the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) for the entire range of wetness (0 < XLM < 0.3) is 3.9 % for gas flow rate and 4.3 % for liquid flow rate with an uncertainty of 2.7 %.
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    Devices and methods for wet gas flow metering: a comprehensive review
    (Elsevier, 2024-01-07) Salehi, Seyed Milad; Lao, Liyun; Xing, Lanchang; Simms, Nigel; Drahm, Wolfgang
    Wet gas is commonly encountered in various industries, including energy, chemical, and electric power sectors. For example, natural gas extracted from production often contains small amounts of liquid, such as water and hydrocarbon condensates, which classifies it as wet gas. The presence of liquid within the gas poses challenges for accurate flow measurement. To improve the performances of wet gas flow metering methods, significant research and development efforts have been invested into the wet gas flow metering technologies due to their vital importance in the production, transfer, and trade benefits. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the recent development of wet gas flow metering. Firstly, a comprehensive discussion of the Lockhart-Martinelli parameter (Xlm) and its relation to the gas void fraction (Óg) is presented, which was mostly overlooked in previous wet gas research work. The occurrence of various flow patterns in wet gas conditions at different orientations (horizontal and vertical) was explored. Following an investigation of pressure impact on the wet gas flow patterns and development of the wet gas regions, a different test matrix for further research work was suggested. After a novel classification of wet gas measurement methods, the paper offers a detailed comparison of differential pressure (DP) meters including Venturi, Cone meter, and orifice meters, by considering both liquid and gas flow rate measurements. Secondly, the paper discusses and compares vortex flow meters, Coriolis and ultrasonic meters in comparison to DP meters. Notable phase fraction meters are also examined and compared to one another. Thirdly, the paper reviewed the concept of existing and potential hybrid wet gas meters, conducting a detailed discussion and comparison with commercial solutions by evaluating their ranges and accuracies. This assessment provides valuable insights into the capabilities of these hybrid meters, highlighting their potential to enhance the measurement of wet gas flow rates.
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    Response of a coriolis gas flow meter to steady and transient wet gas flow conditions
    (Avestia Publishing, 2024-04-13) Salehi, Seyed Milad; Lao, Liyun; Simms, Nigel; Drahm, Wolfgang; Lin, Yaoying; Rieder, Alfred; Güttler, Andreas
    Coriolis devices are continuously evolving to meet the demands of different conditions, such as wet gas flow. However, their application in wet gas flow has not yet been thoroughly explored. The impact of steady flow disturbances on Coriolis flow meters is well-documented, and empirical compensation or correction methods can be implemented accordingly. However, there has been inadequate investigation into the response of Coriolis meters under transient flow conditions and their comparison with steady flow in a wet gas. In this study, a Coriolis device was horizontally installed in a 50 mm pipe diameter. The experimental fluids consisted of air and water, with Lockhart-Martinelli (XLM) values ranging from 0.02 to 0.40. Steady and transient flow conditions at different gas and liquid flow rates were studied. The findings demonstrate the capability of standard deviation (STD) in distinguishing transient flow from steady one. Additionally, a strong correlation was observed between XLM and gas Over-Reading (OR) across various gas flow rates and XLM values. This correlation is particularly evident for XLM < 0.1. At extremely low liquid loading (XLM < 0.05), the average percentage error remains below 7 % even without the utilization of any correction models. Furthermore, the impact of different sensor installations, which had been largely overlooked in previous studies, was investigated.