Browsing by Author "Livesey, Chris"

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    The importance of considering both depth of penetration and crater volume in forwards-ballistic penetrative experiments
    (AIP, 2023-09-26) Powell, Dan; Appleby-Thomas, Gareth J.; Painter, Jonathan; Brock, Fiona; Thirulogasingam, Thiru; Sagoo, Kam; Brown, Nick; Livesey, Chris
    The most common method of analysing armour performance is the Depth of Penetration (DoP). However, this one-dimensional measurement does not provide insight into the method of penetration or energy absorbed by the target; the crater could be particularly narrow or very wide and yield the same DoP. Analysis of the crater through Crater Volume (CV) provides a more detailed metric to be used alongside DoP to visualise the crater, indicating whether energy was dispersed over a large area. CV provides a wider insight into how a material resisted penetration events, giving evidence of potential defeat mechanisms. Digital reconstruction of the craters using X-ray radiographs or Computed Tomography (CT) scanning can also provide a useful tool for computational models to be compared against. The simple calculation of CV through X-ray radiography and image processing has been demonstrated to be accurate to within ±6% of the CT scanned CV. Success in utilising this analytical tool was demonstrated through comparison of three armour configurations. A consistent difference in the ratio of DoP:CV was seen between steel targets, ceramic-steel targets and ceramic-air-steel targets, indicating variation in the defeat mechanism between the three target configurations.