Kumar, RameshLiu, HairuiNabavi, Seyed AliAnyebe, Moses S.Mahesh, SuhasSnaith, HenryBag, MonojitJain, Sagar M.2024-10-302024-10-302024-11-26Kumar R, Liu H, Nabavi SA, et al., (2024) Impact of indium doping in lead-free (CH3NH3)3Bi2-xInxI9 perovskite photovoltaics for indoor and outdoor light harvesting. ACS Applied Electronic Materials, Volume 6, Issue 11, November 2024, pp. 8360-83682637-6113https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaelm.4c01576https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/23133Hybrid halide perovskites (HHPs) have revolutionized the field of solar cells due to their low cost, solution-processable synthesis, and exceptional device performance. Although lead (Pb)-based perovskites are currently the most efficient, their application in indoor photovoltaics and wearable electronics is limited by lead’s toxicity. This has intensified the search for Pb-free alternatives, particularly for use in portable electronic devices. In this study, we utilized a vapor-assisted solution process to systematically engineer the composition of bismuth-based perovskite-inspired materials (PIMs) through indium doping, forming homogeneous and pinhole-free (CH3NH3)3Bi2–xInxI9 (Bi–In) films. These bimetallic Bi–In perovskites exhibit enhanced properties, including high recombination resistance, reduced low-frequency capacitance, lower defect density, and minimal microstrain. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) shows significantly reduced ion migration in Bi–In compositions compared with pure bismuth-based counterparts. The optimized Bi–In-based solar cells achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2.5% under outdoor illumination and 5.9% under indoor lighting, showcasing their potential as promising lead-free alternatives for photovoltaic applications.pp. 8360-8368enAttribution 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/3403 Macromolecular and Materials Chemistry34 Chemical Sciences3406 Physical Chemistry4016 Materials Engineering7 Affordable and Clean Energy40 Engineering51 Physical scienceslead-free perovskitesnontoxicityenvironmentally friendlyportable electronicssolar cellsArticle2637-6113555543611