Powell, DanAppleby-Thomas, Gareth J.Painter, JonathanBrock, FionaThirulogasingam, ThiruSagoo, KamBrown, NickLivesey, Chris2023-10-192023-10-192023-09-26Powell D, Appleby-Thomas G, Painter J, et al., (2023) The importance of considering both depth of penetration and crater volume in forwards-ballistic penetrative experiments. In: 22nd Biennial Conference of the American Physical Society Topical Group on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter 2022, 10-15 July 2022, Anaheim, California, USA. Volume 2844, Issue 1, September 2023, Paper number 2600110094-243Xhttps://doi.org/10.1063/12.0020518https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/20406The most common method of analysing armour performance is the Depth of Penetration (DoP). However, this one-dimensional measurement does not provide insight into the method of penetration or energy absorbed by the target; the crater could be particularly narrow or very wide and yield the same DoP. Analysis of the crater through Crater Volume (CV) provides a more detailed metric to be used alongside DoP to visualise the crater, indicating whether energy was dispersed over a large area. CV provides a wider insight into how a material resisted penetration events, giving evidence of potential defeat mechanisms. Digital reconstruction of the craters using X-ray radiographs or Computed Tomography (CT) scanning can also provide a useful tool for computational models to be compared against. The simple calculation of CV through X-ray radiography and image processing has been demonstrated to be accurate to within ±6% of the CT scanned CV. Success in utilising this analytical tool was demonstrated through comparison of three armour configurations. A consistent difference in the ratio of DoP:CV was seen between steel targets, ceramic-steel targets and ceramic-air-steel targets, indicating variation in the defeat mechanism between the three target configurations.enAttribution-NonCommercial 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Image processingCeramicsComputational modelsComputed tomographyRadiographyConference paper1551-7616