Echchelh, AlbanHess, TimSakrabani, RubenPrigent, StephaneStefanakis, Alexandros I.2020-08-262020-08-262020-08-24Echchelh A, Hess T, Sakrabani R, Prigent S, Stefanakis AI. (2021) Towards agro-environmentally sustainable irrigation with treated produced water in hyper-arid environments. Agricultural Water Management, Volume 243, January 2021, Article number 1064490378-3774https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106449https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/157231. Introduction The extraction of oil and gas (O&G) is accompanied by massive volumes of produced water (PW), which is composed of formation water initially present in the hydrocarbon reservoir and also water that has been injected during O&G operations and comes back to the surface (such as water injected for enhanced oil recovery and hydraulic fracturing) (Engle et al., 2014). By volume, PW is the main by-product associated with the O&G industry (Veil, 2011) and its volume is increasing (Hedar and Budiyono, 2018; Nasiri et al., 2017). In the southeast Arabian Peninsula, for instance, the volume of PW generated by the O&G industry was estimated at 330,000 m3/day in 1997 (Al-Muscati et al., 1997), but is predicted to exceed 1 million m3/day in 2019 (Prabhu, 2018).enAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationalhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Arid climateIrrigation water qualityModellingOilSalinitySALTIRSOILArticle