Luo, YangJagtap, SandeepTrollman, HanaGarcia-Garcia, GuillermoLiu, XiaoyanAbdul Majeed, Anwar P. P.2025-04-162025-04-162025-04-01Luo Y, Jagtap S, Trollman H, et al., (2025) Optimizing industrial etching processes for PCB manufacturing: real-time temperature control using VGG-based transfer learning. In: Selected Proceedings from the 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Manufacturing and Robotics (ICIMR 2024) 22-23 August, Suzhou, China. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, Volume 1316, Springer Nature Singapore, 2025, pp. 353-3619789819639489https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-3949-6_27https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/23784Accurate temperature control in Printed Circuit Board (PCB) manufacturing is essential for maintaining high-quality etching results. Automated monitoring using machine vision and deep learning offers an effective approach for this task. This study investigated a feature-based transfer learning technique for classifying temperature readiness in infrared images of the etching process. The captured dataset containing 470 ‘Production-Ready’ and 480 ‘Not-Ready’ infrared images of the etchant tank was utilized. Pre-trained Visual Geometry Group (VGG) Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models, specifically VGG16 and VGG19, were employed to extract discriminative features from these images. Logistic Regression (LR) classifiers were then trained on these features to classify the infrared images. The performance of the VGG16-LR and VGG19-LR pipelines was evaluated on training, validation, and test sets using a 60:20:20 split. While both pipelines achieved 100% accuracy on the training sets, the VGG19 pipeline showed exceptional performance, achieving a validation accuracy of 95%, and a test accuracy of 99%. The VGG16 pipeline also demonstrated robust performance, achieving 96% accuracy on both the validation and test sets. Considering the dimensions and the overall efficiency of the pipeline, it was determined that the VGG19-LR model was appropriate for the captured dataset. The high accuracy indicates that transfer learning is suitable for categorizing temperature fluctuation in infrared thermography, as opposed to training a deep neural network from scratch. Computer vision and deep learning provide automated and precise temperature management during the etching process, leading to enhanced efficiency in PCB manufacturing.pp. 353-361enAttribution 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/46 Information and Computing Sciences4014 Manufacturing Engineering40 EngineeringMachine Learning and Artificial IntelligenceNetworking and Information Technology R&D (NITRD)Conference paper6727061316