Papageorgiadis, NikolaosCross, Adam R.Alexiou, Constantinos2019-11-012019-11-012014-01-06Papageorgiadis N, Cross AR, Alexiou C. International patent systems strength 1998-2011. Journal of World Business, Volume 49, Issue 4, October 2014, pp. 586-5971090-9516https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2013.12.011http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/14670In this paper we report on a composite index of international patent systems strength for 48 developing and industrialized countries annually from 1998 to 2011. Building upon earlier indices we develop a conceptual framework informed by transaction cost theory and derive measures which emphasize the importance of enforcement-related aspects of the patent system of countries. Findings reveal harmonization of the regulative aspects of patent protection internationally in the post-TRIPs era but not of overall national patent systems. The index should inform studies on the relationship between national patent systems and a range of international business and other phenomena.enAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Intellectual propertyPatentNational patent systems indexPatent enforcementPatent system developmentArticle3341500