Adu, CynthiaRahatekar, Sameer S.Filby, JyotiAyre, DavidJolly, Mark R.2019-07-152019-07-152019-06-15Adu C, Rahatekar S, Filby J, et al., (2019) Structural packaging foams prepared by uni-directional freezing of paper sludge cellulose nanofibres and poly (vinyl alcohol). Materials Letters, Volume 253, October 2019, pp. 242-2450167-577Xhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2019.06.050https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/14340Porous foams from cellulose nanofibres (CNF) and poly-vinyl alcohol CNF/PVA were prepared by uni-directional freezing to create a homogeneous pore structure. The CNF was derived from paper mills sludge (PMS), a by-product of paper manufacturing waste-water treatment. Sodium tetraborate decahydrate (borax) was used as a crosslinking agent. The density of the CNF/PVA foams were 0.03 g cm−3 with a compressive strength of 116 kPa at 20% strain. The foams were competitive to commercial expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam.enAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Cellulose nanofibresAerogelFoamIce-templatingArticle