Kaya, Gulsum KubraHumphreys, MarkCamelia, FannyChatzimichailidou, Mikela2025-07-072025-07-072025-12-31Kaya GK, Humphreys M, Camelia F, Chatzimichailidou M. (2025) Integrating causal analysis based on system theory with network modelling to enhance accident analysis. Ergonomics, Available online 17 June 20250014-0139https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2025.2516060https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/24142This study integrates Causal Analysis based on System Theory (CAST) with network modelling to enhance accident analysis in aviation ground handling. Using 117 Passenger Boarding Steps (PBS)-related incident reports, the CAST analysis identified 74 flaws across 40 control actions, leading to four loss types. Approaching, inspecting, adjusting, and repositioning PBS were the most critical control actions contributing to incidents. Key contributory factors included issues around training, workload management, situational awareness, performance management, recruitment, organisational culture, procedures, equipment maintenance, and financial constraints. The integration of network modelling into CAST enhanced accident analysis by visualising complex interactions, offering deeper insights into accident causation and identifying critical nodes. This study demonstrates that combining CAST with network modelling enhances the understanding of accidents and safety risks, supporting evidence-based decision-making for aviation safety professionals and improving ground handling risk management strategies. Practitioner Summary: This study integrates CAST with network modelling to enhance accident analysis in aviation ground handling. Analysing 117 passenger boarding steps incidents, the study identifies critical control actions and contributory factors. Network modelling enhances CAST by revealing complex interactions, providing deeper insights into incidents, and supporting improved risk management strategies.enAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Accident analysisnetwork modellingCASTground handlingsystems approach5201 Applied and Developmental Psychology4201 Allied Health and Rehabilitation Science42 Health Sciences4207 Sports Science and Exercise52 Psychology3 Good Health and Well BeingHuman FactorsArticle1366-5847673751ahead-of-printahead-of-print