Silva, Paulo A. S. F.Tsoutsanis, PanagiotisAntoniadis, Antonis F.2021-02-252021-02-252021-01-26Silva PASF, Tsoutsanis P, Antoniadis AF. (2021) Simple multiple reference frame for high-order solution of hovering rotors with and without ground effect. Aerospace Science and Technology, Volume 111, April 2021, Article number 1065181270-9638https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2021.106518https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/16413In the present work, the aerodynamic performance of the Caradonna and Tung and S-76 in hover were investigated using a simplified concept of multiple reference frame (MRF) technique in the context of high-order Monotone Upstream Centred Scheme for Conservation Laws (MUSCL) cell-centred finite volume method. In the present methodology, the frame of reference is defined at the solver level by a simple user input avoiding the use of mesh interface to handle the intersections between frames of reference. The calculations were made for both out-of-ground-effect (OGE) and in-ground-effect (IGE) cases and compared with experimental data in terms of pressure distribution, tip-vortex trajectory, vorticity contours and integrated thrust and torque. The predictions were obtained for several ground distances and collective pitch angle at tip Mach number of 0.6 and 0.892enAttribution 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Ground effectOGEIGECFDRotorcraftHigh-order methodsArticle