Browsing by Author "Li, Wen-Chin"
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Item Open Access The activated failures of human-automation interactions on the flight deck(Aeronautical and Astronautical Society of the Republic of China, 2016-09-01) Li, Wen-Chin; Greaves, Matthew J.; Durando, D.; Lin, J.J.Cockpit automation has been developed to reduce pilots' workload and increase pilots' performance. However, previous studies have demonstrated that failures of automated systems have significantly impaired pilots' situational awareness. The increased application of automation and the trend of pilots to rely on automation have changed pilot's role from an operator to a supervisor in the cockpit. Based on the analysis of 257 ASRS reports, the result demonstrated that pilots represent the last line of defense during automation failures, though sometimes pilots did commit active failures combined with automation-induced human errors. Current research found that automation breakdown has direct associated with 4 categories of precondition of unsafe acts, including 'adverse mental states', 'CRM', 'personal readiness', and 'technology environment'. Furthermore, the presence of 'CRM' almost 3.6 times, 12.7 times, 2.9 times, and 4 times more likely to occur concomitant failures in the categories of 'decision-errors', 'skill-based error', 'perceptual errors', and 'violations'. Therefore, CRM is the most critical category for developing intervention of Human-Automation Interaction (HAI) issues to improve aviation safety. The study of human factors in automated cockpit is critical to understand how incidents/accidents had developed and how they could be prevented. Future HAI research should continue to increase the reliability of automation on the flight deck, develop backup systems for the occasional failures of cockpit automation, and train flight crews with competence of CRM skills in response to automation breakdowns.Item Open Access Aeronautical decision-making (ADM) training : the identification of training needs, developing a training program and evaluating the effectiveness of a training intervention(Cranfield University, 2006) Li, Wen-Chin; Harris, DonFlying a high-technology fighter with high stakes and under high g-force is not only an issue of skilled psychomotor performance but also of real-time decision-making involving situation awareness, choice amongst alternatives, time pressure and risk assessment. There is no aeronautical decision-making (ADM) training program for military pilots in existence neither in the R. O. C. Air Force nor around the world, although academic research had recognized the training needs for aeronautical decision-making. This research consists of three studies described in six chapters to develop an effective solution for ADM problems in order to improve military pilots' decision-making in a dynamic and time-limited tactical environment. The first chapter is an executive summary comprised by three studies. The second chapter identified ADM training needs by applied the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS). Without good analysis it is impossible to identify precisely the training needs and the nature of the training content required for improving pilots' performance. The third chapter examined five ADM training mnemonics in six different decision-making scenarios for developing an ADM training program. There are many ADM mnemonics available. However, there was lack of empirical research investigating the efficiency of those ADM mnemonics in the real-time tactical environment. The fourth chapter evaluates the effectiveness of ADM training program by simulator trials and pencil and paper trials. The fifth chapter is overall discussion, followed by the final chapter containing conclusions and recommendations. This research demonstrated that ADM training program did improve pilots' in-flight decision-making performance. Improvements in pilots' situation assessment and risk management were obtained, but these were traded-off for response time. To improve the quality of pilots' decision-making, the ADM training program needs to be coordinated with real-time simulator scenarios training. The findings have demonstrated that the ADM training program significantly improved pilots' situation assessment and risk management. However, it still needs to be established if these performance gains continue to be evident at a later date during actual operations.Item Open Access The application of aeronautical decision-making support systems for improving pilots' performance in flight operations(Aeronautical and Astronautical Society of the Republic of China, 2014-06-01) Li, Wen-Chin; Li, Lun-Wen; Harris, Don; Hsu, Yueh-LingOperating a high-technology commercial airliner is not only an issue in psychomotor skill performance but also of a real-time decision-making involving situation awareness and risk management within a limited-time condition. The number of aircraft accidents attributable solely to mechanical failures has decreased markedly in recent years, but the contribution of human error has declined at a much slower rate. Previous research demonstrated a belief rule-based decision support system has provided more reliable and informative performance after training. The purpose of this research was to identify the best mnemonic-based method of decision support systems for improving commercial pilot's performance in the advanced cockpit. A total of 157 airline pilots, all qualified on the Boeing 747-400 evaluated the suitability of four different ADM methods: SHOR (Stimuli, Hypotheses, Options, Response); PASS (Problem identification, Acquire information, Survey strategy, Select strategy); FORDEC (Facts, Options, Risks & Benefits, Decision, Execution, Check); and DESIDE (Detect, Estimate, Set safety objectives, Identify, Do, Evaluate). Each was evaluated for six different types of decisions: go/no go; recognition-primed; response selection; resource management; non-diagnostic procedural; and creative problem-solving. Pilots regarded the FORDEC methodology as being the best in all decision-making scenarios, irrespective of the time available to make the decision. It was also rated as the best ADM method for promoting crew coordination. However, it was advised that practicing the FORDEC mnemonic in flight simulator was important before attempting to apply it in a real life situation.Item Open Access Applying psychophysiological coherence training based on HRV-biofeedback to enhance pilots’ resilience and wellbeing(Elsevier, 2022-12-09) Zhang, Jingyi; Li, Wen-Chin; Andrews, GavinIntroduction. The COVID-19 pandemic not only limited pilots’ proficiency in performing routine tasks, but also increased stress levels and operational risk due to new procedures in flight operations related to safety and health regulations. There is, therefore, an increasing need to improve pilots’ mental and physical health to maintain aviation safety Research question. (1) Does the practice of psychophysiological coherence using heart rate variability (HRV) biofeedback and the Quick Coherence Technique (QCT) improve pilots’ resilience? (2) What effects does psychophysiological coherence practice have on pilots’ resilience and wellbeing? Method. Eighteen commercial pilots’ perceived stress and wellness were evaluated subjectively by the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and Ardell Wellness Self-Assessment (AWSA). They were taught the QCT for facilitating psychophysiological coherence, and their HRV data reflecting automatic nervous system (ANS) activities were collected as they practiced QCT via Inner Balance HRV sensors. Results. The QCT training improved pilots’ AWSA scores (t = -3.55, p = .002) and decreased PSS scores (t = 6.37, p < .001). Pilots’ post-training HRV were improved with SDNNs higher than pre-training, t = -4.88, p < .001; normalized low frequency (LF) power increased (t = -10.91, p < .001) and low-frequency to high-frequency (LF/HF) ratios increased (t = -3.92, p = .001). Additionally, pilots’ post-training respiration rates were lower than pre-training, t = -2,45, p = .025. Discussion. Based on the empirical data analysis, HRV-biofeedback QCT can improve psychophysiological coherence and thereby increase pilots’ resilience and wellbeing. Increased post-training SDNNs, normalized LF power, and LF/HF ratio indicate the improvement of ANS control and balance, and stress management capacity. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of HRV-biofeedback QCT training in improving psychophysiological coherence, which confers real-time and post-practice benefits of optimal energy utility and self-regulation in challenging situations on flight operations and everyday life. Conclusion. This research demonstrates significant benefits of a short session of HRV-biofeedback QCT on pilots’ resilience and cognitive process by improving psychophysiological coherence. HRV-biofeedback QCT training can be an effective intervention for aviation authorities and airline operators to develop peer support programs for pilots to increase psychological resilience and wellbeing. This may be particularly beneficial given the various challenges presented to pilots in their preparation for return to normal operations.Item Open Access Approaches to accident investigation by investigators from different cultures(2009-09-09T00:00:00Z) Li, Wen-Chin; Young, Hong-Tsu; Wang, Thomas; Harris, DonCultural characteristics play a significant part in aviation (Helmreich & Merritt, 1998). The collective nature of Chinese society is consistent with broad, contextual view of the world and their belief that events are highly complex and determined by many factors. On the other side, the individualistic nature of Western society seems consistent with the focus on particular objects in isolation from their context and with Westerners’ belief that they can know the rules governing objects and therefore can control the objects’ behavior (Nisbett, 2003). Westerners have a strong interest in categorization, which helps them to know what rules to apply to the objects, and formal logic plays a role in problem solving. Chinese attend to objects in their broad context. The world seems more complex to Chinese than to Westerners, and understanding events always requires consideration of many factors that operate in relation to one another in no simple way. From the I-Ching (ancient Chinese philosophical book), ‘for misery, happiness is leaning against it; for happiness, misery is hiding in it. Who knows whether it is misery or happiness? There is no certainty. The righteous suddenly becomes the vicious; the good suddenly becomes the bad’. Chinese is less concerned with finding the truth than with finding the harmony way to live in the world. As the result, Chinese failure to develop science can be attributed in part to lack of curiosity to the true, but the absence of a concept of nature would have blocked the development of science in any case.Item Open Access Assessing professional cultural differences between airline pilots and air traffic controllers(Springer, 2020-07-10) Chan, Wesley Tsz-Kin; Li, Wen-ChinPast studies have found that values and attitudes influenced by national culture remain detectable in airline pilots, even after equalisation by training and organisational exposure. There is however insufficient research to ascertain if this relative strength of nationally-determined traits is because national culture is in itself change-resistant, or if it is because professional pilot training and international airline environments lack the power to impel shifts in cultural behaviour. Using a survey with items imported from the Flight Management Attitudes Questionnaire and the ATC Safety Questionnaires, this study compares the non-technical values and attitudes of pilots (n = 21) and air traffic controllers (n = 13) from the same national cultural background to examine whether the dissimilar pilot and ATC professional and organisational experiences bring about detectable changes in nationally-determined traits. It was discovered that professional and organisational exposure affected hierarchical relations between superiors and subordinates, levels of concern towards automation usage, and the desire for high earnings and career advancement. An understanding of how certain non-technical skills are changed by professional and organisational exposure has the potential to change training, influence equipment designs, and highlight issues in cross-cultural and cross-profession communications.Item Open Access Assessments on human-computer interaction using touchscreen as control inputs in flight operations(Springer, 2022-06-16) Li, Wen-Chin; Liang, Yung-Hsiang; Korek, Wojciech Tomasz; Lin, John J. H.The developing technology on innovative touchscreen applied in the cockpit can integrate control inputs and outputs on the same display in flight operations. Flight systems could be updated by modifying the touchscreen user interface without the complicated processes on reconfiguring cockpit panels. There is a potential risk on touchscreen components constrained by the issues associated with inadvertent touch, which may be defined as any system detectable touch issued to the touch sensors without the pilot’s operational consent. Pilots’ visual behaviours can be explored by using eye trackers to analyze the relationship between eye scan patterns and attention shifts while conducting monitoring tasks in flight operations. This research aims to evaluate human-computer interactions using eye tracker to investigate the safety concerns on implementation of touchscreen in flight operations. The scenario was set to conduct an instrument landing on the final approach using future system simulator. Participants were required to interact with all the control surfaces and checklists using the touchscreens located on different areas in the cockpit. Each participant performed landing scenario as pilot-flying (PF) and pilot-monitoring (PM) in random sequence. Currently PF and PM perform different tasks related to control inputs and control outputs monitoring in the flight deck. The PF’s primary obligation is to fly the aircraft’s flight path, and the PM’s main responsibility is to monitor the aircraft’s flight path and cross-check to the PF’s operational behaviours. By analyzing participants’ visual behaviours and scanning patterns, the findings on HCI related to applying touchscreen for future flight deck design would be applicable. There are some benefits on the implementation touchscreen for future flight deck design if the human-centred design principle can be integrated in the early stage.Item Open Access Augmented visualization cues on primary flight display facilitating pilot's monitoring performance(Elsevier, 2019-11-14) Li, Wen-Chin; Horn, Andreas; Sun, Zhen; Zhang, Jingyi; Braithwaite, GrahamThere have been many aviation accidents and incidents related to mode confusion on the flight deck. The aim of this research is to evaluate human-computer interactions on a newly designed augmented visualization Primary Flight Display (PFD) compared with the traditional design of PFD. Based on statistical analysis of 20 participants interaction with the system, there are significant differences on pilots’ pupil dilation, fixation duration, fixation counts and mental demand between the traditional PFD design and augmented PFD. The results demonstrated that augmented visualisation PFD, which uses a green border around the “raw data” of airspeed, altitude or heading indications to highlight activated mode changes, can significantly enhance pilots’ situation awareness and decrease perceived workload. Pilots can identify the status of flight modes more easily, rapidly and accurately compared to the traditional PFD, thus shortening the response time on cognitive information processing. This could also be the reason why fixation durations on augmented PFDs were significantly shorter than traditional PFDs. The augmented visualization in the flight deck improves pilots’ situation awareness as indicated by increased fixation counts related to attention distribution. Simply highlighting the parameters on the PFD with a green border in association with relevant flight mode changes will greatly reduce pilots’ perceived workload and increase situation awareness. Flight deck design must focus on methods to provide pilots with enhanced situation awareness, thus decreasing cognitive processing requirements by providing intuitive understanding in time limited situations.Item Open Access The benefits of integrated eye tracking with airborne image recorders in the flight deck: a rejected landing case study(Elsevier, 2020-06-10) Li, Wen-Chin; Braithwaite, Graham R.; Wang, Thomas; Yung, Morris; Kearney, PeterAircraft accident investigation has played a pivotal role in improving the safety of aviation. Advances in recorder technology, specifically Cockpit Voice Recorders (CVRs) and Flight Data Recorders (FDR) have made a huge contribution to the understanding of occurrences for accident investigators. However, even these recorders have limitations such as the evidence they provide about pilots' situation awareness or behaviours. Supplementing audio and data recordings with video has been discussed for many years and whilst there continues to be debate among regulators, operators, manufacturers and pilot unions, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has mandated Airborne Image Recorders (AIR) from 2023. The purpose of installing such systems is to provide evidence of crew operational behaviours in terms of both human-human and human-computer interactions (HCI) on the flight deck. Video alone is unlikely to provide sufficient evidence for investigators. This study examines the additional value that eye-tracking technology may provide through the case study of an accident involving an Airbus A330-300 aircraft which experienced a rejected landing. Currently, the investigation of such events, where crew interaction with automation is critical to their situation awareness, relies heavily on interview data. Such data may be unavailable (in the case of serious injury) or unreliable (based on hindsight bias). By integrating eye tracking technology into an AIR, accident investigators will potentially gain a better understanding of pilots’ visual scan patterns across flight deck instrumentation. This has implications for flight deck and procedural design as well as training and simulation.Item Open Access Breaking the chain: An empirical analysis of accident causal factors by human factors analysis and classification system(2006-09-14T00:00:00Z) Li, Wen-Chin; Harris, DonThis research analyzed 523 accidents in the R.O.C. Air Force between 1978 and 2002 using the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) framework described by Wiegmann & Shappell (2003). This study provides an understanding, based upon empirical evidence, of how actions and decisions at higher levels in the organization to result in operational errors and accidents. Suggestions are made about intervention strategies focusing on the categories at higher levels of HFACS. Specific targets for remedial safety actions should be aimed in the areas that share the strongest and greatest number of significant associations with ‘Organizational Influences’ (for example, ‘organizational process’, ‘inadequate supervision’ and ‘Crew Resource Management’). The greatest gains in safety benefit could be achieved by targeting these areas. Furthermore, this study also demonstrates that the HFACS framework is a useful tool for guiding accident investigations and for targeting potentially cost-effective remedial safety actions for breaking the chain of accidents.Item Open Access Challenges and solutions from accident investigators’ different professional backgrounds related to data collection and interpretation(International Society of Air Safety Investigators, 2022-08-31) Chan, Wesley; Li, Wen-ChinThe collection and interpretation of multimedia data can be considered as a routine step in the accident investigation process. Data from FDRs, CVRs, and other sources such as airborne image recorders, datalink downloads, and QARs/DARs, have been widely used for accident investigation (ICAO, 2011). Novel sources of multimedia information have also been gaining in popularity. The proliferation of smartphones, security, and dashboard cameras (see Fig. 1) have resulted in an increase in the number of photos and videos captured of aircraft accidents (Aviation Safety Council, 2016). Techniques have been developed to support the use of these media files, such as through calibration of videos shot by bystanders with onboard CVR audio, to assist in accident investigations (Aviation Safety Council, 2016; Horak, 2019). Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), or drones, have also become a popular tool. They are relatively inexpensive to obtain and can be deployed quickly by the investigative teams on arrival to an accident scene. Unlike using helicopters for aerial photography, drones can be flown close to obstacles, and do not have issues such as rotor downwash which may disturb the site (Gomez et al., 2017; Hawkins, 2016). Remote sensing and image filter technology can also assist in the identification of different materials. For example, liquid fuel, aircraft parts, vegetation, etc., can be mapped for wreckage survey and site safety assessments (Gomez et al., 2017; Privett et al., 2012). Digital photogrammetry can be used to create 3D reconstructions of the wreckage, enabling remote collaboration between investigative teams (Hawkins, 2016; Wang, 2022).Item Open Access A comparative evaluation of human factors intervention approaches in aviation safety management(Springer, 2023-07-09) Chan, Wesley Tsz-Kin; Li, Wen-ChinIn the Human Factors Intervention Matrix (HFIX) framework, human factors interventions are categorized into five different approaches and each of these approaches can be evaluated by five different evaluation criteria of feasibility, acceptability, cost, effectiveness, and sustainability. Although the outcome of evaluations can assist safety management practitioners in the selection of more viable safety recommendations, there exists a research gap on how the five different approaches differ with each other. In this study, overall comparisons of the five approaches in HFIX were carried out using the five evaluation criteria. Each intervention approach was also compared independently with other approaches in a pairwise manner to highlight comparative strengths. It was discovered that amongst the five evaluation criteria, only feasibility, cost, and effectiveness differed across the five approaches. Task- and human-based interventions were more feasible, whereas task- and organization-based interventions were rated more highly on cost, reflective of better cost-efficiency. Subjective differences in evaluation were also identified in effectiveness, showcasing that cognitive biases can exist within evaluative frameworks. The findings will benefit safety practitioners and managers in the selection and application of human factors intervention strategies, especially in resource constrained situations in the real world.Item Open Access Data supporting: 'Investigating professional values among pilots, cabin crew, ground staff, and managers to develop aviation safety management systems'(Cranfield University, 2022-10-11 12:35) Chan, Wesley; Li, Wen-ChinThis dataset includes survey responses from N=317 participants, on levels-of-agreement with conceptualisations of cultural dimensions. Professional culture (occupational background) was the independent variable for the cited article. In the dataset, professional culture is under the @4Groups variable, representing pilots (1); cabin crew (2); ground staff (3); airline managers (4).Item Open Access Data supporting: 'The influence of augmented reality interaction design on Pilot's perceived workload and situation awareness'(Cranfield University, 2022-11-23 15:59) Li, Wen-Chin; Zhang, Jingyi; Court, Samuel; Braithwaite, Graham; Kearney, PeterThis work explored the potential for Augmented Reality (AR) rendering information superimposed over the flight deck to increase a pilot€™s situation awareness (SA). This emerging technology introduced novel human-computer interaction paradigms that would have impact on pilot€™s cognitive demands.Item Open Access Dataset "AR SUS & QUIS Hololens"(Cranfield University, 2024-08-09) Li, Wen-Chin; Zhang, Jingyi; Blundell, James; Court, SamuelAR system usability and user experience in flight operationsItem Open Access The design principles of flight deck automation and the occurrence of active failures in aviation(Aviation Safety Council, Taiwan, 2017-04) Brennan, Martin; Li, Wen-ChinThe evolution of advanced technology systems in aviation has seen radically increased capabilities of aircraft, and equally radical changes in how aircraft are flown. Relieving flight crews of much of the manual workloads associated with flying, automation has brought about a shift in the dynamic on the flight deck as the role of crews - who are gradually being removed from direct control of the aircraft - moves towards that of supervisors and managers of the vast array of systems on-board. There is little doubt that automation has provided significant benefits in terms of increased performance, endurance and safety. Yet the sleekness and simplicity of the modern flight deck has proven deceptive. The complexities of aircraft systems, their dependencies and interdependencies, may mask interactions and inhibit the pilot's understanding of systems functionalities. Perhaps just as importantly, as automated systems assumed greater levels of autonomy and authority, the position of automation - and its relationship with those other key players in the cockpit - has not always been explicitly stated. Now managing and overseeing the aircraft’s systems, crews, whose exposure to manual flying has been reduced largely to the take-off and landing phases of flight, may be exposed to error causing conditions where they may not understand what the automation is doing. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of latent conditions (pre-cursor faults) on the occurrence of decision errors, skill-based errors, perceptual errors and violations (active failures / unsafe acts). Based on the ASRS data analysis it was determined that while there was a significant number of automation pre-cursor faults associated with Airbus, Boeing aircraft were more likely to have mechanical related pre-cursor events.Item Open Access Developing a human-centric de-icing system to increase airport capacity and operational safety(Chartered Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors, 2024-04-24) Yaghi, Ahmed; Blundell, James; Li, Wen-ChinThis research paper presents an innovative automated de-icing system designed to enhance operational efficiency, safety, and environmental sustainability at airports during cold weather conditions. Traditional manual de-icing methods, which are labour intensive and pose significant safety risks and environmental concerns, are inefficient and costly. The proposed system incorporates human-centric design principles and advanced automation technologies, including predictive modelling and real-time data analytics, to facilitate safer and more efficient de-icing operations with reduced physical labour and improved aircraft turnaround times. Drawing upon interviews with Bucharest International Airport subject matter experts, the research identified key operational, safety, and environmental challenges in current de-icing processes in order to provide relevant human-centric design requirements. Subsequent system development focused on minimizing human error and physical strain, streamlining equipment preparation, and reducing environmental impact through sustainable practices. The research underscores the need for further empirical testing to validate the system's effectiveness in real-world settings, offering a significant step forward in achieving safer, more efficient, and environmentally responsible airport de-icing operations.Item Open Access Developing prompts to facilitate generative pre-trained transformer classifying decision-errors in flight operations(EasyChair, 2024-08-27) Li, Wen-Chin; Saunders, Declan; Amanzadeh, HamedThe emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) with advanced natural language processing offers promising approaches for enhancing the capacity of textual classification. The aviation industry is increasingly interested in adopting AI to improve efficiency, safety, and cost efficiency. This study explores the potential and challenges of using AI to analyse decision errors in flight operations based on the HFACS framework. In pre-training, the model is trained based on a large amount of data to predict the next word in a sequence which allows the model to learn relationships between the words and their meaning in the accident investigation reports. Initial discoveries demonstrated that the AI model could supply a consistent HFACS framework and populate these dimensions with moderate accuracy. Future research is focused on the development of this HFACS-GPT model through fi-ne-tuning and deep learning, facilitating more reliable and consistent conversations.Item Open Access Development of effective human factors interventions for aviation safety management(Frontiers, 2023-05-05) Chan, Wesley Tsz-Kin; Li, Wen-ChinIntroduction: In the aviation industry, safety management has moved away from capturing frontline failures toward the management of systemic conditions through organizational safety management systems (SMS). However, subjective differences can influence the classification of active failures and their associated systemic precursors. With levels of professional experience known to influence safety attitudes, the present research examines whether experience levels among airline pilots had an impact on the classification of causal factors using the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS). Differences in the paths of association between categories were evaluated in an open-system context. Method: Pilots working in a large, international airline were categorized into high (≥10,000 total flight hours) and low (<10,000 h) experience groups and asked to classify aircraft accident causal factors using the HFACS framework. One-way ANOVA tests were carried out to determine experience effects on the utilization of the HFACS categories, and chi-squared analyses were used to assess the strength of association between different categories within the framework. Results: Results from 144 valid responses revealed differences in the attribution of human factors conditions. The high experience group was more inclined to attribute deficiencies to high-level precursors and found fewer paths of associations between different categories. In contrast, the low experience group presented a greater number of associations and was comparatively more affected by stress and uncertainty conditions. Discussion: The results confirm that the classification of safety factors can be influenced by professional experience, with hierarchical power distance impacting the attribution of failures to higher-level organizational faults. Different paths of association between the two groups also suggest that safety interventions can be targeted through different entry points. Where multiple latent conditions are associated, the selection of safety interventions should be made with consideration of the concerns, influences, and actions across the entire system. Higher-level anthropological interventions can change the interactive interfaces affecting concerns, influences, and actions across all levels, whereas frontline-level functional interventions are more efficient for failures linked to many precursor categories.Item Open Access The development of eye tracking in aviation (ETA) technique to investigate pilot's cognitive processes of attention and decision-making(European Association for Aviation Psychology, 2016-09-30) Li, Wen-Chin; Lin, John J. H.; Braithwaite, Graham; Greaves, MattEye tracking device had provided researchers a promising way to investigate what pilot‘s cognitive processes when they see information present on the flight deck. There are 35 participants consisted by pilots and avionics engineers participated in current research. The research apparatus include an eye tracker and a flight simulator divided by five AOIs for data collection. The research aims are to develop cost-efficiency of eye tracking technique in order to facilitate scientific research of cognition and decision-making in aviation. The results indicated that participants’ eye movement patterns did have significant differences on the following variables including fixation count, F(4, 136) = 601.01, p < .001; average fixation duration, F(4, 136) = 100.87, p < .001; percentage of total fixations, F(4, 136) = 779.92, p < .001, and average pupil area, F(4, 136)=2.51, p < .05. The findings demonstrated that eye tracker is a suitable tool to investigate pilots’ cognitive process of attention and decision-making on flight deck. Furthermore, it can be applied to improve pilots’ SA and decision-making during flight operations.