Browsing by Author "Manovic, Vasilije"
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Item Open Access A dataset for article, "Demonstration of a kW-scale solid oxide fuel cell-calciner for power generation and production of calcined materials"(Cranfield University, 2019-08-21 16:33) ali Nabavi, Seyed; Erans moreno, María; Manovic, VasilijeA dataset for article, "Demonstration of a kW-scale solid oxide fuel cell-calciner for power generation and production of calcined materials"Item Open Access Advanced power cycles for coal-fired power plants based on calcium looping combustion: a techno-economic feasibility assessment(Elsevier, 2020-04-27) Michalski, Sebastian; Hanak, Dawid P.; Manovic, VasilijeCarbon capture and storage is crucial to decarbonising the power sector, as no other technology can significantly reduce emissions from fossil fuel power generation systems. Yet, the mature CO2 capture technologies result in net efficiency penalties of at least 7% points. Emerging technologies, such as calcium looping combustion, can reduce the net efficiency penalty to 2.4% points. Further reductions can be achieved by replacing the conventional steam cycle with advanced power cycles. This study aimed to assess the techno-economic feasibility of the coal-fired power plant based on calcium looping combustion with different advanced Brayton cycles. These included single power cycles, such as recompression supercritical CO2, simple supercritical CO2 cycle, and xenon cycle, as well as combined power cycles based on helium, nitrogen and recompression supercritical CO2 cycles. The net efficiency and break-even electricity price, which was estimated using the net present value method, were used as the key techno-economic performance indicators. A parametric study was also conducted to assess the impact of the key thermodynamic parameters. This study showed that the case based on a single recompression supercritical CO2 cycle had the best overall techno-economic performance, while the recompression supercritical CO2 combined cycle case had the best techno-economic performance among combined cycle cases. The former was characterised with a net efficiency of 38.9%, which is higher than that of the reference coal-fired power plant without CO2 capture (38.0%). Such performance was achieved at a break-even electricity price of 71.2 €/MWel,neth, corresponding to a cost of CO2 avoided of 16.3 €/tCO2.Item Open Access Advances, challenges, and perspectives of biogas cleaning, upgrading, and utilisation(Elsevier, 2022-02-05) Golmakani, Ayub; Nabavi, Seyed Ali; Wadi, Basil; Manovic, VasilijeBiogas as a renewable energy resource can be broadly recognised as a carbon–neutral fuel which reduces anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, mitigates global warming, and diversifies energy supply. However, the biogas share in the global renewable energy supply chain and technology deployment and maturity are not commensurate with the potential. The first half of this study critically reviews state of the art developments in biogas cleaning and upgrading technologies by considering their present status, current challenges, and barriers associated with their future development. The second part of this paper aims to address critical gaps in converting biogas to biomethane, proposing required pre-treatment steps for different technologies. The third part focuses on current policies concerning the strict regulations implemented for flaring consent applications. In this section, biogas upgrading technologies were compared by estimating the global warming potential (GWP) resulting from waste gases (WG). It was observed that due to high methane losses, WGs from membrane technologies have the highest GWP, but with flaring have the lowest GWP. In the last part of this review, the recent applications of biogas in cogeneration (CHP), tri-generation (CCHP), quad-generation systems, heat, and vehicles are discussed. The use of biogas by different technologies, and their resulting efficiencies were analysed in CHP applications, including microturbines, micro humid air turbine (mHAT), solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) and hybrid systems of SOFC-microturbines.Item Open Access Amine functionalised SBA-15 for DAC - Data Set(Cranfield University, 2021-08-23 08:55) Wadi, Basil; Golmakani, Ayub; ali Nabavi, Seyed; Manovic, VasilijeRaw Data Set accompanying scientific article titled: Evaluation of Moderately Grafted Primary, Diamine, and Triamine Sorbents for CO2 Adsorption from Ambient Air: Balancing Kinetics and Capacity Under Humid ConditionsItem Open Access Application of machine learning in hydrogen production via the process of sorbent enhanced steam methane reforming.(Cranfield University, 2023-06) Nkulikiyinka, Paula; Clough, Peter T.; Manovic, Vasilije; Wagland, StuartThis thesis is focused on the exploration of the use of machine learning and computational methods for modelling process conditions and for materials screening within the process of sorbent enhanced steam methane reforming (SE- SMR) for carbon-abated hydrogen production. Hydrogen is a clean, abundant and versatile energy carrier that can be used for a wide range of applications. However, the production of hydrogen is still largely dependent on fossil fuels, which presents a significant challenge for achieving a truly sustainable energy system. The purpose of this study is to address this challenge by exploring novel approaches to hydrogen production, namely using machine learning, thermodynamic simulations, theoretical modelling, and the proposal of new methodologies and materials for low-carbon hydrogen production. Three main areas of work were conducted within this thesis, which include 1) two surrogate models have been developed and used to predict and estimate variables that would otherwise be difficult direct measured.; 2) applying machine learning, namely quantitative structure–property relationship analysis (QSPR) has been employed in the exploration of combined sorbent catalyst material (CSCM) for SE-SMR; and 3) applying machine learning to screen suitable metal organic frameworks (MOFs) for the storage of the produced blue hydrogen. Firstly, a surrogate model, was developed which was done by firstly simulating the model in Aspen Plus, applying a sensitivity analysis to gather a large dataset, then applying two multiple linear regression model, to observe the accuracy of predicting the gas concentration outputs. Two models were successfully developed with both models were accurate with high R² values, all above 98%. Secondly, the novel approach of QSPR with inductive transfer learning and datamining, was applied to develop two large databases of sorbent and catalyst properties, respectively. Then the developed machine learning models from these databases were applied, to predict the optimal conditions and precursor materials for the highest performing CSCM, in terms of last cycle capacity and methane conversion. Lastly, a similar approach was applied for the screening of MOFs for the storage of hydrogen by using multiple linear regression, simple geometric descriptors, and patterns in data to identify a better performing MOF than the currently reported experimental MOFs in literature.Item Open Access Assessment of optimal conditions for the performance of greenhouse gas removal methods(Elsevier, 2021-06-18) Asibor, Jude Odianosen; Clough, Peter T.; Nabavi, Seyed Ali; Manovic, VasilijeIn this study, a comparative literature-based assessment of the impact of operational factors such as climatic condition, vegetation type, availability of land, water, energy and biomass, management practices, cost and soil characteristics was carried out on six greenhouse gas removal (GGR) methods. These methods which include forestation, enhanced weathering (EW), soil carbon sequestration (SCS), biochar, direct air capture with carbon storage (DACCS) and bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) were accessed with the aim of identifying the conditions and requirements necessary for their optimum performance. The extent of influence of these factors on the performance of the various GGR methods was discussed and quantified on a scale of 0–5. The key conditions necessary for optimum performance were identified with forestation, EW, SCS and biochar found to be best deployed within the tropical and temperate climatic zones. The CCS technologies (BECCS and DACCS) which have been largely projected as major contributors to the attainment of the emission mitigation targets were found to have a larger locational flexibility. However, the need for cost optimal siting of the CCS plant is necessary and dependent on the presence of appropriate storage facilities, preferably geological. The need for global and regional cooperation as well as some current efforts at accelerating the development and deployment of these GGR methods were also highlighted.Item Open Access Attrition study of cement-supported biomass-activated calcium sorbents for CO2 capture(American Chemical Society, 2016-08-19) Duan, Lunbo; Yu, Zhijian; Erans Moreno, Maria; Li, Yingjie; Manovic, Vasilije; Anthony, Edward J.Enhanced CO2 capacity of biomass modified Ca-based sorbent has been reported recently, but undesired attrition resistance has also been observed. Cement was used as a support for biomass-activated calcium sorbent during the granulation process in this study, in order to improve the poor mechanical resistance. Attrition tests were carried out in an apparatus focused on impact breakage to evaluate how the biomass addition and cement support influence the particle strength during Ca-looping. Results showed biomass addition impaired the mechanical strength and cement support could improve it, which is reflected by the breakage probability and size change after impact of pellets experienced calcination and multiple calcination/carbonation cycles. Larger-sized particles suffered more intense attrition. The mechanical strength of sorbents declined significantly after higher temperature calcination but increased after carbonation. After multiple cycles, the mechanical strength of particles was greatly enhanced, but more cracks emerged. A semi-empirical formula for calculating average diameter after attrition based on Rittinger’s surface theory was developed. Observation on the morphology of particles indicated that particles with more porosity and cracks were more prone to breakage.Item Open Access Biomass resources and biofuels potential for the production of transportation fuels in Nigeria(Elsevier, 2016-05-26) Longhurst, Philip J.; Ben-Iwo, Juliet; Manovic, VasilijeSolid biomass and waste are major sources of energy. They account for about 80% of total primary energy consumed in Nigeria. This paper assesses the biomass resources (agricultural, forest, urban, and other wastes) available in Nigeria and the potential for biofuel production from first, second, third and fourth generation biomass feedstocks. It reviews the scope of biomass conversion technologies tested within the country and the reports on the technology readiness level of each. Currently, most of the emerging biofuels projects in Nigeria utilize first generation biomass feedstock for biofuel production and are typically located many miles away from the petroleum refineries infrastructures. These feedstocks are predominantly food crops and thus in competition with food production. With significant availability of non-food biomass resources, particularly in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, and the petroleum refineries located in the same area, it is pertinent to consider expanding use of the petroleum refinery׳s infrastructure to co-process non-food biomass into bio-intermediate oil for blending with petroleum. This not only addresses the potential food versus fuel conflict challenging biofuel production in Nigeria, but also reduces the cost of setting up new bio-refineries thus eliminating the transportation of ethanol to existing petroleum refineries for blending. In view of this, it is recommended that further research be carried out to assess the feasibility of upgrading existing refineries in Nigeria to co-process bio-based fuels and petroleum products thus achieving the targets set by the Nigeria Energy Commission for biofuel production in the country.Item Open Access Black liquor gasification with calcium looping for carbon-negative pulp and paper industry(Elsevier, 2021-08-26) Santos, Mónica P. S.; Manovic, Vasilije; Hanak, Dawid P.Although considered one of the major energy-intensive industries (EIIs), the pulp and paper industry has also the potential for energy production from an industrial waste, black liquor. This study proposes black liquor gasification (BLG) coupled with calcium looping (CaL) as a CO2 capture route for the pulp and paper industry. BLG with H2 production (BLG-CaL-H2), BLG with gas turbine combined cycle (BLG-CaL-GT) or with solid oxide fuel cell (BLG-CaL-SOFC) were considered. The dependence of carbon capture and storage (CCS) cost on the natural gas, limestone, electricity imported and H2 sale prices aside the expenditures related with BLG-CaL were evaluated. The CCS route, based on CaL retrofitted to the pulp and paper plant, was found to have a lower cost of CO2 avoided (39.0 €/tCO2) when compared with BLG-CaL (48.8–57.1 €/tCO2). Between the BLG-CaL scenarios, BLG-CaL-H2 presented the lowest cost of CO2 avoided (48.8 €/tCO2) but the highest energy penalty. Based on the thermodynamic performance, it was shown that CaL retrofit and BLG-CaL-SOFC presented the best overall performance, turning the electricity importer reference plant into electricity exporter. The economic sensitivity showed that the capital requirement of BLG-CaL has a strong effect on the cost of CO2 avoided for all alternatives. The H2 production is also strongly affected by the H2 sale price while BLG-CaL-SOFC and BLG-CaL-GT are strongly dependent on natural gas price.Item Open Access Burning characteristics of single particles of coal and wood mixtures for co-firing in an upward-flowing hot gas stream(Elsevier, 2017-04-14) Mock, Chinsung; Lee, Hookyung; Choi, Sangmin; Yang, Won; Manovic, VasilijeThis study presents the comparative burning behaviours of single solid particles of coal and biomass mixtures for co-firing. In this experimental investigation, a direct observation approach was used to investigate the ignition, flame characteristics and combustion times by means of high-speed photography at 7000 frames per second. Single particles were entrained into a hot gas stream at 1340 K and a rapid heating rate of 104–105 K/s. The apparent volatile flames from the prepared particle size groups were observed within 20–50 ms. To assess the effect of oxygen concentration, particles were burned for their flame characteristics in a range of 10%–40% O2. The test particles were sieved into three size groups (215–255 μm, 255–300 μm and 300–350 μm) to assess the effect of particle size. Special particles for the co-firing effect were collected individually from two types of mixed pellet: 20:80 and 50:50 coal/wood. Pure sub-bituminous coal and wood particles were also prepared in order to compare their combustion behaviours. In the experimental setup with a cross-injection configuration, sequential combustion processes were effectively and clearly described in terms of particle displacement with time. The experimental results showed distinguishable flame characteristics from single particles of coal, 50:50 coal/wood, 20:80 coal/wood and wood, including soot flame size and intensity. The impact of high coal-blending ratio caused an increase in the flame size and intensity and the ignition time was close to that of pure coal particles. Quantitative measurements of combustion events on co-firing particles were also discussed in relation to significant impacts of the particle size and the oxygen concentration.Item Open Access Calcium looping combustion for high-efficiency low-emission power generation(Cranfield University, 2017-05-23 10:03) Hanak, Dawid; Manovic, VasilijeSupplementary information to Hanak DP and Manovic V (2017), "Calcium looping combustion for high-efficiency low-emission power generation", Journal of Cleaner Production. Dawid P. Hanak, Vasilije ManovicCombustion and CCS Centre, Cranfield University, Bedford, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK.Corresponding author: *Dawid P. Hanak, d.p.hanak@cranfield.ac.ukTable S-1: Comparison of the solid rates in calcium looping combustion and chemical looping combustionCalcium looping values given are from this study (revised basis, without CCU).Chemical looping values are from M. Spinelli, P. Peltola, A. Bischi, J. Ritvanen, T. Hyppänen and M. C. Romano, Energy, 2016, 103, 646–659.Item Open Access Calcium looping combustion for high-efficiency low-emission power generation(Elsevier, 2017-05-19) Hanak, Dawid P.; Manovic, VasilijeHigh-temperature solid looping technologies, such as calcium looping and chemical looping combustion are regarded as emerging CO2 capture technologies with potential to reduce the net efficiency penalties associated with CO2 separation. Importantly, high-temperature operation of these technologies allows utilisation of the high-grade heat for power generation. Building on these emerging technologies, this study intended to establish a new class of high-temperature solid looping combustion technologies for high-efficiency low-emission power generation called calcium looping combustion. Such combustion technology comprises a combustor, as a primary source of heat for indirect heating in a calciner, and a carbonator where CO2 is separated from flue gas leaving the combustor; hence high-grade heat, which can be used for power generation, and a concentrated CO2 stream, which can be either utilised or permanently stored, are generated. The techno-economic performance of calcium looping combustion was comparable to a conventional coal-fired power plant. Depending on whether the concentrated CO2 stream is utilised elsewhere or permanently stored, calcium looping combustion was characterised with a net efficiency gain of 0.7%HHV points or a net efficiency penalty of 2.4%HHV, respectively. Additionally, the cost of CO2 avoided for calcium looping combustion was estimated to be 10.0 €/tCO2 and 33.9 €/tCO2, respectively. Therefore, similarly to chemical looping combustion, calcium looping combustion introduced in this study is a viable high-efficiency low-emission power generation technology that produces a concentrated CO2 stream with no efficiency penalty associated with CO2 separation.Item Open Access Calcium looping sorbents for CO2 capture(Elsevier, 2016-08-12) Erans Moreno, Maria; Manovic, Vasilije; Anthony, Edward J.Calcium looping (CaL) is a promising technology for the decarbonation of power generation and carbon-intensive (cement, lime and steel) industries. Although CaL has been extensively researched, some issues need to be addressed before deployment of this technology at commercial scale. One of the important challenges for CaL is decay of sorbent reactivity during capture/regeneration cycles. Numerous techniques have been explored to enhance natural sorbent performance, to create new synthetic sorbents, and to re-activate and re-use deactivated material. This review provides a critical analysis of natural and synthetic sorbents developed for use in CaL. Special attention is given to the suitability of modified materials for utilisation in fluidised-bed systems. Namely, besides requirements for a practical adsorption capacity, a mechanically strong material, resistant to attrition, is required for the fluidised bed CaL operating conditions. However, the main advantage of CaL is that it employs a widely available and inexpensive sorbent. Hence, a compromise must be made between improving the sorbent performance and increasing its cost, which means a relatively practical, scalable, and inexpensive method to enhance sorbent performance, should be found. This is often neglected when developing new materials focusing only on very high adsorption capacity.Item Open Access Calcium looping with supercritical CO2 cycle for decarbonisation of coal-fired power plant(Elsevier, 2016-03-11) Hanak, Dawid P.; Manovic, VasilijeState-of-the-art integration scenarios of calcium looping (CaL), which is an emerging CO capture technology, assume that excess heat is used to raise steam for the steam cycle and result in a net efficiency penalty of 6.0-8.0% points. In this study, a concept using the supercritical CO cycle (s-CO) instead of the conventional steam cycle is proposed. Retrofit of CaL with recompression s-CO cycle to the 580 MW coal-fired power plant was found to result in a net efficiency penalty of 6.9% points. This is 1% point lower than that for the same system linked with the steam cycle having the same turbine inlet conditions (593.3 °C/242.3 bar). A further reduction of the net efficiency penalty to 5.8% points was achieved through considering a pump instead of a first CO compression stage and increasing the turbine inlet temperature to 620 °C and pressure to 300 bar. As the s-CO cycle's specific capital cost is up to 27% lower than that of the equivalent steam cycle, CaL with s-CO cycle is a viable option for the coal-fired power plant decarbonisation. Moreover, it can be expected that this cycle can be successfully implemented in other high-temperature looping cycles, such as chemical looping combustion.Item Open Access Carbon dioxide storage in the UK southern north sea: experimental and numerical analysis(2018-10) Aminu, Mohammed Dahiru; Manovic, Vasilije; Kolios, AthanasiosThis thesis contributes to the significant portfolio of research on carbon capture and storage (CCS) in general, and the potential for CO₂ storage with impurities within the UK Southern North Sea (UKSNS) to meet the global greenhouse gas emission reduction targets. First, this thesis extensively reviews the current developments in carbon dioxide storage, highlighting major options for CO₂ sequestration, storage site evaluation criteria, behaviour of CO₂ in the reservoir, methodologies for estimating storage capacity, appraisal of the major storage projects, and a projection of the future outlook for CO₂ storage. The review draws attention to the fact that although a high-quality knowledge base has been developed through CCS research, the main hinderance to CO₂ storage deployment is associated with public acceptability of the technology. Second, this thesis involves laboratory experimental investigation of the effect of impure CO₂ on reservoir grain size distributions and permeability using rock samples from the Bunter saline aquifer. The thesis shows that the presence of impurities in the CO₂ stream can affect the grain size distribution and fluid transmissivity. Third, this thesis uses numerical modelling to evaluate the effect of impure CO₂ on reservoir performance with a case study from the Bunter saline aquifer. The results show that depending on the impurities present in the CO₂ stream, the limits of stability during storage operations in saline aquifer varies, however, the variation does not affect reservoir performance negatively during long-term injection and storage.Item Open Access Carbonation of lime-based materials under ambient conditions for direct air capture(Elsevier, 2019-09-07) Erans, María; Nabavi, Seyed Ali; Manovic, VasilijeCarbonation of lime-based materials at high temperatures has been extensively explored in the processes for decarbonisation of the power and industrial sectors. However, their capability to capture carbon dioxide from air at realistic ambient conditions in direct air capture technologies is less explored. In this work, lime and hydrated lime samples are exposed to ambient air for prolonged durations, as well as to calcination/ambient-carbonation cycles, to assess their carbonation performance. It is shown that the humidity plays a key role in carbonation of lime under ambient conditions. Furthermore, faster weathering and higher conversions are demonstrated by hydrated lime, showing a carbonation conversion of 70% after 300 h. Importantly, it was found that there was a negligible difference in the carbonation conversions during five calcination/ambient-carbonation cycles, which can be explained by simultaneous reactivation of cycled material by moist air. These findings indicated that lime-based materials are suitable for carbon dioxide capture from ambient air employing cyclic processes, in a practical time-scale, and that humidity of air plays a key role.Item Open Access CFD modelling of carbon capture in large-scale for structured packed bed column.(Cranfield University, 2021-05) Hossain, Mohammad Ashraf; Manovic, Vasilije; Konozsy, Laszlo Z.; Navabi, Syed AliIn this Ph.D. thesis, a novel 3D numerical model is developed to solve multiphase flow problem for carbon capture. The model solves the Navier-Stokes equations with commercial solver Ansys Fluent with higher accuracy and much better prediction. The proposed model was at first developed to solve the hydrodynamics problem inside the structured packed bed. In the hydrodynamic part, viscous resistance and inertia resistance for both gas and liquid were taken into account and were implemented by the User Defined Function (UDF). The structured mesh was done using ICEM-CFD. In this part, dispersion forces were also included by UDF. Hydrodynamics of the structured packed bed was validated in terms of liquid volume fraction and, a higher degree of accuracy was achieved. This achievement was done by implementing drag law in a novel way. Dispersion of the liquid inside the packed bed was modelled both by mechanical dispersion and by spread tensor. Pressure drop is a very important part of designing structured packing and, it has to be kept to a minimum. In the hydrodynamics study, this pressure drop was kept minimum, and a good distribution of gas and liquid was achieved. The second part of the model is the chemical reactions. In this case, all the five reactions that occur in carbon capture were taken into account along with the hydrodynamics. Few studies like the effect of solvent concentration, the effect of pressure were studied by using this part of the model. Another novel aspect of the model is that it can predict gas-liquid interfacial area and enhancement factor for chemical reactions. As a result, it has become much easier to understand chemical reactions and calculate carbon removal easily. The third part of the model is the heat transfer effect. Heat transfer effect was included by changing gas and liquid temperature and it was found that liquid temperature has a wider impact on carbon capture. All the contributions to the knowledge were summarized in Chapter 7.Item Open Access CO2-brine-rock interactions: The effect of impurities on grain size distribution and reservoir permeability(Elsevier, 2018-08-25) Aminu, Mohammed D.; Nabavi, Seyed Ali; Manovic, VasilijeThe Bunter Sandstone formation in the UK’s southern North Sea has been identified as having the potential to store large volumes of CO2. Prior to injection, CO2 is captured with certain amounts of impurities, usually less than 5%vol. The dissolution of these impurities in formation water can cause chemical reactions between CO2, brine, and rock, which can affect the reservoir quality by altering properties such as permeability. In this study, we explored the effect of CO2 and impurities (NO2, SO2, H2S) on reservoir permeability by measuring changes in grain size distributions after a prolonged period of 9 months, simulating in situ experimental conditions. It was found that the effects of pure CO2 and CO2-H2S are relatively small, i.e., CO2 increased permeability by 5.5% and CO2-H2S decreased it by 5.5%. Also, CO2-SO2 slightly decreased permeability by 6.25%, while CO2-NO2 showed the most pronounced effect, reducing permeability by 41.6%. The decrease in permeability showed a correlation with decreasing pH of the formation water and this equally correlates with a decrease in geometric mean of the grain diameter. The findings from this study are aimed to be used in future modelling studies on reservoir performance during injection and storage, which also should account for the shifts in boundaries in the CO2 phase diagram, altering the reservoir properties and affecting the cost of storage.Item Open Access Combined heat and power generation with lime production for direct air capture(Elsevier, 2018-02-20) Hanak, Dawid P.; Manovic, VasilijeCarbon capture and storage (CCS) has been shown to be the least cost-intensive option for decarbonisation of the power, heat, and industrial sectors. Importantly, negative-emission technologies, including direct air capture (DAC), may still be required after near-complete decarbonisation of the stationary emission sources. This study evaluates the feasibility of a novel polygeneration process for combined heat and power using a solid-oxide fuel cell, and lime production for DAC (CHP-DAC) that could contribute towards decarbonisation of the power, heat, and industrial sectors. Evaluation of the thermodynamic performance indicated that such process can achieve the total efficiency and effective electric efficiency of 65%LHV and 60%LHV, respectively, while removing CO2 from the air at a rate of 88.6 gCO2/kWchh. With the total expenditure spread over a number of revenue streams, the product prices required for the CHP-DAC process to break even were found to be competitive compared to figures for the existing standalone technologies, even if there was no revenue from CO2 capture from the air. Moreover, the considered process was shown to be economically feasible, even under uncertainty. Hence, it can be considered as the carbon–neutral polygeneration process for sustainable and affordable production of heat, power, and lime that is negative-emission ready.Item Open Access Combined heat and power generation with lime production for direct air capture - Dataset(Cranfield University, 2018-01-25 09:16) Hanak, Dawid; Manovic, VasilijeA dataset for the article 'Combined heat and power generation with lime production for direct air capture'.