Indicator of harmful cyanobacteria using an odor-binding protein-based biosensor for β-cyclocitral detection

Abstract

β-Cyclocitral, a compound that causes a hay/woody/tobacco-like odor, is closely associated with cyanobacterial cell density and can serve as a biomarker for cyanobacterial blooms. Biosensors utilizing odor-binding proteins (OBPs) have been developed for detecting chemicals exhibiting odors; however, their performance in environmental water samples has been rarely reported. In this study, an OBP-based electrochemical biosensor was developed for the detection of β-cyclocitral by immobilizing human OBP2a on a gold screen-printed electrode via nitrocellulose membrane. 1:5 mm2/μL nitrocellulose membrane/methanol mixture solution and 100 μg/mL OBP2a were selected as the optimal concentrations for OBP2a immobilization. The optimized sensor showed concentration-dependent characteristics in the range of 0.1–1000 μg/L. The performance of OBP2a-based biosensor was first comprehensively evaluated. Compared to 10 typical odorants in drinking water, the biosensor showed a relatively higher affinity for β-cyclocitral. The biosensor had a good detection accuracy and precision in real water samples, with recoveries of 119.86% and 115.31% in dechlorinated tap water and raw water samples, respectively. It maintains good stability when stored at −20 °C, with a current decline of 5.3% on the 6th day. These results demonstrate that OBP2a-based biosensors show promising potential for detecting β-cyclocitral, providing a useful tool for early warning of cyanobacterial blooms.