The formation of disinfection by-products from the chlorination and chloramination of amides

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dc.contributor.authorSfynia, Chrysoula
dc.contributor.authorBond, Tom
dc.contributor.authorKanda, Rakesh
dc.contributor.authorTempleton, Michael R.
dc.date.accessioned2020-08-20T15:12:32Z
dc.date.available2020-08-20T15:12:32Z
dc.date.issued2020-01-18
dc.description.abstractThis study examined the potential of six aliphatic and aromatic amides, commonly found in natural waters or used as chemical aids in water treatment, to act as organic precursors for nine haloacetamides (HAcAms), five haloacetonitriles (HANs), regulated trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) upon chlorination and chloramination. The impact of key experimental conditions, representative of drinking water, including pH (7 & 8), retention time (4 & 24 h) and bromide levels (0 & 100 μg/L), on the generation of the target DBPs was investigated. The highest aggregate DBP yields upon chlor(am)ination were reported for the aromatic and hydrophobic hydroxybenzamide; 2.7% ± 0.1% M/M (chlorination) and 1.7% M/M (chloramination). Increased reactivity was observed in aliphatic and hydrophilic compounds, acrylamide (2.5 ± 0.2% M/M) and acetamide (1.3 ± 0.2% M/M), in chlorination and chloramination, respectively. The addition of bromide increased average DBP yields by 50–70%. Relative to chlorination, the application of chloramines reduced DBP formation by 66.5% (without Br−) and by 46.4% (with Br−). However, bromine incorporation in HAAs and HAcAms was enhanced following chloramination, of concern due to the higher toxicological potency of brominated compounds.en_UK
dc.identifier.citationSfynia C, Bond T, Kanda R, Templeton MR. (2020) The formation of disinfection by-products from the chlorination and chloramination of amides. Chemosphere, Volume 248, June 2020, Article number 125940en_UK
dc.identifier.issn0045-6535
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125940
dc.identifier.urihttp://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/15708
dc.language.isoenen_UK
dc.publisherElsevieren_UK
dc.rightsAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International*
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/*
dc.subjectDisinfection by-productsen_UK
dc.subjectAmide precursoren_UK
dc.subjectChlor(am)Inationen_UK
dc.subjectBromine incorporation factoren_UK
dc.subjectHaloacetamidesen_UK
dc.titleThe formation of disinfection by-products from the chlorination and chloramination of amidesen_UK
dc.typeArticleen_UK

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