Analysis of active aerodynamics for high-performance vehicles

Abstract

The pursuit of greater efficiency and performance drives advancements in the automotive and motorsport industries, with active aerodynamics emerging as a promising approach due to their ability to dynamically adapt aerodynamic characteristics to specific operating conditions. However, their development presents challenges, including the need for practical yet accurate simulation methodologies, a deeper understanding of vehicle aerodynamics in dynamic conditions, and a comprehensive assessment of their performance potential. This research addresses these challenges through interdependent studies. A cost-effective Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) workflow is developed and validated against experimental and high-fidelity simulation data, complemented by a structured wind tunnel correlation process to ensure reliable aerodynamic predictions. Yaw and cornering effects on flow field characteristics and aerodynamic performance are analysed using wind tunnel experiments and CFD simulations. Finally, active aerodynamic configurations, including 2D systems capable of modulating aerodynamic balance longitudinally and laterally, are designed and examined using minimum lap time simulations to assess performance gains, optimal control strategies, and dependencies on vehicle setup. The CFD workflow demonstrates high predictive accuracy across various aerodynamic conditions, with the structured correlation process improving experimental data interpretation and validation. However, conditions critically dominated by highly unsteady flow phenomena require higher-fidelity simulations. Yaw and cornering conditions induce significant flow field alterations, including underbody interference, enhanced upper surface flow acceleration, and asymmetric wake structures, leading to substantial downforce and drag penalties. Active aerodynamic systems provide significant performance benefits across diverse scenarios, with 2D systems consistently outperforming conventional designs by prioritising aerodynamic loads on underloaded tyres to improve total grip. Overall, this research advances numerical methodologies, deepens understanding of vehicle aerodynamics in dynamic conditions, and demonstrates the performance potential of various active aerodynamic designs. The work establishes a foundation for optimising vehicle performance with active aerodynamic systems, supporting future research and industry innovations in automotive and high-performance vehicle engineering.