Consensus : A matter of the continuation of democratic multinational federalism in Ethiopia

Abstract

This research examines the introduction, implementation, and evolution of Ethiopian Democratic Multinational Federalism from 1991 to 2019, focusing on political decentralization. The study seeks solutions to the ongoing lack of consensus on the governance system. Since its inception in 1991, the absence of consensus on Democratic Multinational Federalism has hindered the applicability of its full potential as a governance system. This thesis employed a qualitative case study methodology to explore the importance of consensus building, relying on document-based data collection and analysis. The findings indicated that the ruling party, characterized by a highly centralized structure, has dominated agendas at all levels since the system's introduction, stifling bargaining, and negotiation on the governance model. This centralization has obstructed the development of democratic practices, hindered the decentralization of power, and constrained the implementation of constitutional promises. Consequently, Multinational Federalism has failed to achieve the necessary consensus to form a democratic governance system capable of addressing Ethiopia's complex socio-economic and political challenges, leaving the country in a state of stalemate. This study advocates for urgent national reconciliation, renegotiation, and engagement with various elites as a middle-ground approach. Additionally, it emphasizes the need to curb the ongoing segregation of ethnic identities, promote democratization based on the rule of law, and facilitate the formation of national political parties with regional branches to conduct free and fair elections. This thesis calls for national reconciliation, critical dialogue, and the amendment of certain constitutional provisions grounded in elite consensus and public endorsement through popular referendum. This research makes an empirical contribution by interpreting the existing knowledge around federalism and democracy to enhance the understanding of policymakers, academics, and practitioners. It also contributes by establishing propositions that, if enacted, will contribute to building consensus in a multinational setting to promote inclusion and resolve impediments.